History of the department of Sociology and Social Anthropology at Hull
Colin Creighton
Sociology was initially taught from within the Department of Social Administration and in the mid-1950s Francis (Don) Klingender began to cooperate with anthropologists to teach on sociology. In 1955, after Klingender’s death, Peter Worsley, who had recently completed an anthropology doctorate at Manchester, was appointed to develop the subject. LSE graduate Gordon Horobin had already been appointed to work on a study of Hull fishermen, and this research was later taken up and completed by Jeremy Tunstall. Early students included undergraduate Anthony Giddens (now Baron Giddens), studying psychology and sociology and graduating in 1959, who later had a distinguished career at Kings College, Cambridge, and postgraduate David (H. J.) Morgan, who moved to Manchester and later became Professor of Sociology there and also served as President of the British Sociological Association (1997-1999).
Before Morgan, Peter Worsley moved to Manchester in 1963 and was appointed as Professor of Sociology there in 1964. A full department of Sociology and Social Anthropology was set up at Hull in 1966, with Ian Cunnison as Professor of Social Anthropology. Cunnison, son of Glasgow social economist James Cunnison, had conducted research in central Africa and in Sudan, where he had been Professor of Anthropology at the University of Khartoum, and appointed staff with particular interests in the sociology of development, an uncommon specialism at the time. There was no Professor of Sociology at Hull until the appointment of LSE sociologist Valdo Pons, then at Manchester, in 1975.
Following Cunnison’s appointment, the department committed itself to building upon its combination of sociology and social anthropology and to foster a creative interplay between the two disciplines. The undergraduate curriculum presented each discipline separately in year one and then, alongside further single discipline modules, provided a selection of modules in years two and three which bridged the two by combining perspectives from each. During the 1970s and 1980s the main foci for convergence lay in the teaching of theory, development, comparative social structures and area studies - most notably the Middle East, parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and South-East Asia, the latter in conjunction with the Centre for South-East Asian Studies (CSEAS). This gave the department’s degree courses an unusually strong orientation towards non-Western societies.
The department initially taught joint honours degrees only but introduced a single honours degree in Sociology and Social Anthropology in 1969. This led to considerable growth, so that by 1981 the department had fifteen full-time posts. Cunnison’s initial appointments included the social anthropologists Talal Asad and Farnham Rehfisch, both of whom had taught and conducted research in Sudan and John Boston who had extensive experience in West Africa; the sociologist Ivar Oxaal, who had carried out research on race relations in the Caribbean; and the younger social anthropologist, Peter Forster and sociologists Colin Creighton and Rosemary Mellor, an urban sociologist who moved to Manchester in 1976. These were followed by David Booth (whose doctoral research had been in Cuba), John Clammer, whose doctoral research had been in Fiji (and who later moved to the National University of Singapore and subsequently a chair at Sophia University, Tokyo and then to O. P. Jindal Global University in India), Norman O’Neill, who had studied class and social consciousness in Hull for his doctorate, and the Marxist scholar, Martin Shaw. As noted above, Valdo Pons (who had conducted research in Central Africa, publishing Stanleyville: An African urban community under Belgian administration, and had taught at the University of Makerere) was appointed Professor of Sociology in 1975 and, somewhat later, the urban sociologist Ray Francis arrived. In addition, Victor T. (Terry) King, whose doctorate (from Hull) was based on ethnographic work in Indonesian Borneo, and Lewis Hill, who had written a B. Litt (and later M. Litt) thesis at Oxford on the Kuki-Chin populations of Highland Burma and who had taught at the University of Khartoum, were joint appointments with CSEAS. Finally, the demographer John Peel, who was in post before Cunnison’s appointment, remained for several years and shorter appointments were held by John Grange, Angela Norris, Aidan Foster-Carter, Ann Cheesemond (in conjunction with the Khartoum link), Josep Llobera and Michele Barrett, who introduced gender studies to the department. After her departure, the university was persuaded to fund a continuing part-time lectureship in gender studies for a further fifteen years, taught for many of these by Tanya Baker.
The department’s strong orientation towards non-Western societies was supported by a succession of overseas teaching and research links funded by the British Council. The first of these was with the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Khartoum. There were further, if less ambitious links with the Department of Sociology at the University of Malawi and with the University of Jos, Nigeria while, in conjunction with CSEAS, there were links with universities in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore and Thailand. Accompanying this activity were staff secondments to universities in Egypt, Malawi, Saudi Arabia and Sudan. The commitment to co-operation with overseas universities included the training of postgraduate students, particularly from the Middle East (Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Iraq) and South-East Asia, with 29 PhDs awarded to overseas students between 1976 and 1988. Many of these students went on to staff Sociology departments in the Middle East and elsewhere.
The department displayed a strong orientation to Marxism during the 1970s (though avoiding the excessive admiration of that decade for Althusser) and while this was especially pronounced among the younger sociologists, they were also in dialogue with the younger anthropologists. The engagement with Marxism took a more critical turn, however, moving into the 1980s.
It should be recorded that despite differences in theoretical orientations and disciplinary identities, the department was a remarkably friendly one, assisted by Ian Cunnison’s supportive but laissez-faire leadership.
In the department’s research activities there was a particular concentration on the Middle East, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. The longer-term research commitments of members of the department included Talal Asad’s critique of some of the underlying assumptions of mainstream social anthropology and of the work of Western scholars on Islam and the Middle East; Booth’s evaluation of development theory and its Marxist critiques together with empirical research in Latin America; Boston’s ongoing study of the art and oral traditions of the Igala; Clammer’s exploration of the relationship between cultural change and social development; Forster’s study of the culture and politics of Malawi and of the sociology and social anthropology of religion; Hill’s study of material culture; King’s ethnographic studies of rural development and social change in Borneo, and material culture in Brunei and other areas of South-East Asia; Oxaal’s study of race, ethnicity and anti-colonialism in the West Indies; and Shaw’s exploration of the nature of Marxism as an intellectual and transformative discipline and its relationship to sociology.
These interests led to significant collective projects in this period: the pioneering conferences on Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, organised by Asad, and Beyond the Sociology of Development, organised by Oxaal and Booth, together with three Middle East conferences (1974-76) organised by Asad, which led to the establishment of a UK Middle East Studies Group.
Books published in this period included T. Asad, The Kababish Arabs: Power, authority and consent in a nomadic tribe (1970), and (ed.), Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (1973); J. Boston, The Igala Kingdom (1968) and Ikenga Figures amongst the North-West Ibo and the Igala; J. Clammer, Literacy and Social Change: A case study of Fiji (1976), and (ed.), The New Economic Anthropology (1978); I. Cunnison, The Baggara Arabs: Power and the lineage in a Sudanese nomad tribe (1966}and Essays in Sudanese ethnography presented to Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard (ed., 1972); V. T. King, Essays on Borneo Societies, 1978); J. Llobera, The Asiatic Mode of Production (ed. with Ann Bailey, 1981) and The Anthropology of Pre-Capitalist Societies (ed. with J. Kahn, 1981). I. Oxaal, Black Intellectuals Come to Power: The rise of Creole nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago (1968), Race and Revolutionary Consciousness (1971), and Beyond the Sociology of Development: Economy and society in Latin America and Africa (ed. with T. Barnett and D. Booth); V. Pons (ed.), Urbanisation and Urban Life in the Sudan (1980) and Urbanization, urban planning and urban life in Tanzania: An annotated bibliography (with John Campbell, 1980); F. Rehfisch, The Social Structure of a Mambila Village (1972) and (ed.), Gypsies, Tinkers and other Travellers (1976); M. Shaw, Marxism and Social Science: The roots of social knowledge (1975).
The University of Hull was hit particularly badly by the University Grants Committee cuts in 1981, and the financial problems that ensued led to the loss of some 120 academic and academic-related posts between 1981 and 1985 and a further 84 between 1985 and 1990. The department was consequently reduced to nine members by 1990. Staff reductions led to a sequence of organisational changes across the university, and the department was grouped firstly with the departments of Politics and Social Policy & Professional Studies in the School of Social and Political Sciences (1986-96), and then with Social Policy & Criminology and Gender Studies in the Department of Comparative and Applied Social Sciences (1997-c. 2004), which became the School of Criminology and Sociological Studies from c.2005.
In the 1980s the department’s focus on non-Western societies intensified, reinforced by the appointment (jointly with SEAS) of Michael Hitchcock (cultural tourism and cultural heritage management) whose doctoral study was in eastern Indonesia, and by the creation of an interdisciplinary Centre for Developing Area Studies (1984). The internal balance was modified most especially by the establishment, on the initiative of Valdo Pons, of a new British Council- funded link with the Department of Sociology at the University of Dar-es-Salaam. Three of the Western-oriented sociologists - Creighton, Francis and O’Neill - became strongly committed to the link and developed an intellectual interest in African as well as Western issues. The link ran from 1979-96 and led to several research projects, to PhD training and to six publications jointly edited with Tanzanian colleagues. Intellectual movement in the opposite direction came with Oxaal’s interest in the culture and society of early twentieth-century Vienna.
The department’s research activities were characterised by the continuation and development of earlier theoretical interests and by research projects in Latin America (Booth), sub-Saharan Africa (Booth, Boston, Forster), Sudan (O’Neill) and South-East Asia (King, Hitchcock). This was accompanied by new research initiatives on the Jewish community and anti-Semitism in early twentieth century Vienna (Oxaal), industrial innovation and regional economic development (O’Neill) and the pioneering sociology of war, peace and international relations (Shaw), an interest reflected in the ground-breaking BSA Conference on the Sociology of War and Peace held at Hull in 1985, and in the creation of an interdisciplinary Centre for Defence and Disarmament Studies.
Books published in this period included T. Asad, The Middle East (ed with Roger Owen, 1983) and The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam (1986); D. Booth (ed. with B. Sorj), Military Reformism and Social Classes: The Peruvian Experience, 1968-80 (1983); J. Boston, Igala Texts and Traditions (1989); C. Creighton and M. Shaw (eds.), The Sociology of War and Peace (1987); P. Forster, The Esperanto Movement (1982) and T. Cullen Young (1989); L. Hill, A check-list of English-language fiction relating to Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei; V. T. King (ed.), The Maloh of West Kalimantan (1982), Ethnicity in S. E. Asia (1982), People of the Weeping Forests: Tradition and change in Borneo (1986) and Borneo: oerwoud in ondergang, culturen op drift (1986); N. O’Neill, Fascism and the Working Class (1982) and Economy and Class in Sudan (ed. with J. O’Brien, 1988); I. Oxaal (ed.), Jews, Anti-Semitism and Culture in Vienna (1987); V. Pons and R. Francis (eds.), Urban Social Research (1983) and Introduction to Social Research (1988); M. Shaw, War, State and Society (ed., 1984), Marxist Sociology Revisited: Critical Assessments (ed., 1985) and Dialectics of War: an essay in the social theory of total war and peace (1988).
Following the retirement of Cunnison in 1988 and Pons in 1989, the professorial vacancies were filled with the appointment of Sandra Wallman from UCL in 1990, followed by that of Judith Okely (from a chair in Edinburgh) in 1996; these helped to modify the hitherto male domination of the staffing of the department. Shaw was awarded a personal chair in Political and International Sociology in 1994, the first since the establishment of the department. Other significant staff changes included the retirement of Boston in 1992, the departures of Asad in 1989, Shaw in 1995 and Booth in 1996 for professorial appointments at The State University of New York (SUNY), the University of Sussex and the University of Wales, Swansea respectively, and the transfer of CSEAS and King’s Chair in South-East Asian Studies to the University of Leeds in 2003-05. Replacements came with the appointments of Andy Dawson, Obi Igwara, Alison James, Mark Johnson and, later, Vassos Argyrou,, together with the transfer from Social Policy of Alan Dean. In addition, Alberto Arce, Professor Roy Carr-Hill, Greg McLaughlin and Caroline Wright spent short spells in the department.
The orientation of the department altered with these changes. Several of the social anthropologists had teaching and research interests in Britain and selected regions of mainland Europe and this had the effect of integrating sociology and social anthropology in fresh ways; in particular, the role of area studies in the curriculum diminished and the contribution of substantive modules increased. This led to a rejuvenation of the undergraduate curriculum by the gradual introduction of new modules such as Bodies and Power, Chaos and Complexity Theory, Children and Society, Food, Culture and Society, Post-colonial Theory, The Rise of Ethnic Nationalism, and Visualism and Cultures.
Research priorities similarly changed, though there was important continuity in one respect, since many projects exemplified even more strongly the ethos of the department through their combination of concepts and research methods from both sociology and social anthropology. Geographically, the department withdrew from involvement with the Middle East, and its interest in South-East Asia was reduced with the departure of five staff from the Centre to the University of Leeds, although kept alive by Johnson, who had carried out research on sexuality and gender in the Philippines. Research in Latin America continued with Booth’s SIDA-funded study, ‘Popular Participation: Democratizing the State in Rural Bolivia’, and there was renewed engagement with sub-Saharan Africa, where Booth, Forster, Igwara and Wallman were active, and where the link with Dar-es-Salaam was still flourishing. Moreover, Wallman established new links with units within the University of Zambia and Makerere University and, after the cessation of the link with Dar-es-Salaam, Igwara created a link with the Institute for Women’s Studies and Gender Analysis at the Egerton University, Kenya. Activity involving the latter included the hosting at Egerton of an International Conference on Gender Inequalities in Kenya in 2004, co-organized by Creighton and Rose Odhiambo of Egerton, with subsequent publication of papers by UNESCO, leading to further co-operation with UNESCO on Women’s Rights to Peace and Security in Post-conflict Democracies in Africa.
Externally-funded research projects centred on sub-Saharan Africa included Booth’s investigations of agricultural reform and rural development strategies in Tanzania and social service use in Zambia; Forster’s study of traditional healing and AIDS in Malawi; Igwara’s research on ethnicity, ethnic conflict and nation-building in Nigeria (cut short by her tragic death in an car accident in Nigeria in 2002); and Wallman’s exploration of community capacity and health issues in Africa and her investigation (with Virginia Bond and Jessica Ogden) of identity and health-seeking behaviour in cities in Africa and Europe (1992-96).
The ‘turn’ to Britain and mainland Europe was strengthened by strong connections with colleagues in Scandinavia, including a link with the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. A particularly notable new field was the study of childhood, where James had been for long a leading figure, and this led to the creation at Hull of a Centre for the Social Study of Childhood, followed by the relocation to Hull, in 1997, of the ESRC programme Children 5-16 and its director, Alan Prout, and the appointment of Pia Christensen as Research Fellow. In addition to continuing theoretical contributions to the sociological and social anthropological study of childhood, this focus led to three ESRC-funded research projects: ‘Family-based conception of dependency: a cultural construct?’ (1995-97, with Jenny Hockey), ‘Changing Times: children’s perception and understanding of the social organisation of time’ (1997-2000, with Dr. P. Christensen, and Professor C. Jenks, Goldsmiths College) and ‘Constructing Children's Welfare: a comparative study of professional practice’ (2001-03, with Professor A. L. James, Bradford University) and two locally-based studies, viz., Evaluation of Children’s Information Service (funded by Kingston Upon Hull, 2002, with Professor G. Craig, Hull University) and Consortium Evaluation of Local Network Fund (2002-04, University of Hull, BMRB & University of York).
Another significant research area was Shaw’s continuing study of war, peace and militarism which he broadened to encompass the sociology of international relations and global politics, areas hitherto marginal in British sociology, and which produced several significant monographs (see below) and a funded study, with Roy Carr-Hill, of mass communications as mediators of crisis as reflected in responses to the Gulf war.
Towards the end of this period there was a significant expansion of research in Gender Studies, led by Suzanne Clisby in co-operation with colleagues from Gender Studies and Social Policy, all now within a single organisational unit as noted earlier. Funded projects included Young Parenting in Lincolnshire (with Gary Craig, 2000-01), Young Women and Rural Regeneration (with Jenny Hockey and Rachel Alsop 2001), Living on the Edge: sexual behaviour and young parenthood in seaside and rural areas (Department of Health, 2002-04), Breakthrough: Women’s experience of education, training and employment (European Social Fund, 2006-07), Girl’s Rights in the UK (Plan International, UK, 2015-17). In addition, Clisby was the lead co-ordinator of GEMMA: the European Commission Masters of Excellence in Women’s and Gender Studies (2006-18), principal investigator in the trans-European Horizon 2020 GRACE Project investigating the cultural production of gender inequalities within Europe (2015-19), and co-director of the UKRI GCRF-funded GlobalGRACE project (2017-22).
Another expanding research area arose from co-operation with Criminology, strengthened by the appointment of Michael McCahill (a graduate of Hull Sociology). A specialist on surveillance, his monograph The Surveillance Web (2002) was winner of the 2003 British Society of Criminology Book Prize, and Surveillance, Capital and Resistance (2014), won the 2015 Surveillance Studies Network Book Prize.
Other research projects included Argyrou’s studies of postcolonialism (continuing the departmental tradition of questioning key intellectual assumptions of Western social science), Mediterranean ethnography and environmentalism; Booth’s contributions to social development theory and practice, and his SIDA-funded research project on popular participation in Bolivia (with Suzanne Clisby); Creighton’s investigation of the British Ten Hours Movement and the origins and development of the male breadwinner family in Britain; Dawson’s studies of rural development, community and migration and his funded exploration (with Stef Jansen) of displacement, memory and identity amongst Bosnians and Serbs after the break-up of Yugoslavia; Dean’s application of chaos and complexity theory to substantive research issues; Forster’s continuing work on Malawi and Tanzania, and studies of religious change in contemporary Britain; Hitchcock and King’s study of tourism and heritage; Johnson’s studies of transgendering, identity, heritage, and migration; Igwara’s research on ethnicity, ethnic conflict and nation-building in Nigeria (cut short by her tragic death in an car accident in Nigeria in 2002); King’s work on development issues in South-East Asia and, with Hitchcock and Parnwell in CSEAS, the study of the sociology and anthropology of tourism and heritage; Okely’s research on ageing in Normandy, autobiography and anthropological practice; O’Neill’s continuing work on regional economies, leading to an ESRC-funded study of the management of local economic strategies in North Sea regions, and complemented by his appointments as an Executive member of the EU-sponsored North Sea Commission (1994) and as Director of the University’s multi-disciplinary Centre for Regional Business Development (1996-2001); finally, Prout’s continuing theoretical work on childhood.
Books published in this period included V. Argyrou, Tradition and modernity in the Mediterranean: The Wedding as Symbolic Struggle (1996), Anthropology and the Will to Meaning: A postcolonial critique (2002), The Logic of Environmentalism: Anthropology, ecology and postcoloniality (2005); D. Booth, Social, Economic and Cultural Change in Contemporary Tanzania: A people-oriented focus (with F. Lugungira, P. Masanja, and A. Mvungi (1993) and Rethinking Social Development Theory: Research and practice (ed., 1994), C. Creighton, Family, Gender and Household in Tanzania (1995) and Gender, Family and Work in Tanzania (2000) (both ed. with C. K. Omari), and Gender Inequalities in Kenya (ed. with F. Yieke, 2000); A. Dawson, Migrants of identity: perceptions of home in a world of movement (ed with N. Rapport, 1998); A. Dean, Chaos and Intoxication: complexity and adaptation in the structure of human nature (1997) and Complex Life: Nonmodernity and the emergence of cognition and culture (2000); P. Forster, The Tanzanian Peasantry: Economy in Crisis (1992), The Tanzanian Peasantry: Further Studies (1995), Agrarian Economy, State and Society in Contemporary Tanzania (1999), all ed. with Sam Maghimbi; Religion, Political and Cultural Change in Malawi (1994), Swaziland: Contemporary Social and Economic Issues (ed. with Bongani J. Nsibande, 2000), Race and Ethnicity in East Africa (with M. Hitchcock and F. Lyimo, 2000), and Contemporary Mainstream Religion: Studies from Humberside and Lincolnshire (ed., 1995); M. Hitchcock, Tourism in South-east Asia (ed. with VT King and MJG Parnwell, 1993), and Images of Malay-Indonesian identity (ed. with V. T. King, 1997); O. Igwara (ed.), Ethnic Hatred: Genocide in Rwanda (1995); A. James, A, Childhood Identities: self and social relationships in the experience of the child (1993), Growing Up and Growing Old (with J. Hockey, 1993), Theorising childhood (with Chris Jenks and Alan Prout, 1997), Constructing and reconstructing childhood: contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood (ed. with Alan Prout. 2nd ed., 1997), After Writing Culture: Epistemology and practice in contemporary anthropology (ed. with J. Hockey and A. Dawson, 1997), Research with children – perspectives and practices (2000), and Social identities across the life course (with J. Hockey, 2003); M. Johnson, Beauty and power: Transgendering and cultural transformation in the Southern Philippines (1997); V. T. King, The Peoples of Borneo (1993), his edited book on Environmental challenges in South-East Asia (1998), and his Anthropology and development in South-East Asia: Theory and practice (1999); Okely, Own or other culture (1996); N. O’Neill, Capitalism, Socialism and the Development Crisis in Tanzania (ed. with Kemal Mustafa, 1990), Economic Profiles: North Sea Maritime Regions (1993), Strategies and Profiles: economic development in North Sea regions (1995), and Business development in the Humber sub-region (2000); A. Prout, The body, childhood and society (2000), Hearing the voices of children : social policy for a new century (ed. with Christine Hallett, 2003), The future of childhood : towards the interdisciplinary study of children (2004); M. Shaw, Post-Military Society: militarization, demilitarization and war at the end of the twentieth century (1991), State and society in international relations (ed. with Michael Banks, 1991), and Global society and international relations: sociological concepts and political perspectives (1994); S. Wallman, (ed.) Contemporary futures: perspectives from social anthropology (1992), and Kampala women getting by: wellbeing in the time of AIDS (1996).
A new phase in the department’s history came as a result of a substantial turnover of staff between c. 2000 and 2006, with the death of Forster in 2003, the transfer of O’Neill to the Business School, the voluntary severance of Wallman and Dean, the promotion of James and Prout to professorships at Sheffield and Stirling respectively, the departure of Dawson and Christensen for posts elsewhere, and the retirements of Okely and Creighton. After a short period without a Professor in either discipline Keith Tester, previously Professor of Cultural Sociology at the University of Portsmouth, and Majid Yar, previously senior lecturer in Criminology at Keele, were appointed Professors of Sociology in 2008, followed in 2012 by Monica Magadi, previously Reader in Social Research Methods at City University, as professor of Social Research. In addition, Vassos Argyrou was awarded a personal chair. Other new appointments included the political and historical sociologist Michael S. Drake in 2005, Mick Wilkinson, c. 2000 and Julia Holdsworth whose part-time contract was made full-time in 2007.
This period was followed by one of significant contraction. When Tester and Yar left, there were no professorial replacements in Sociology. Between then and 2019 the department also saw the departure of Johnson, Argyrou and Clisby and the loss by death of Drake, balanced only by the appointment (part-time) of Denise Carter. The broader context was the withdrawal of support by the University for the social sciences, with the exception of Criminology, which was provided with additional resources to meet buoyant student recruitment. Degrees in Social Policy were the first to be discontinued. This was followed, over a number of years, by withdrawal of support for the Social Anthropology component of the department’s degree courses, then for Gender Studies and, finally, for both single and most joint honours degrees in Sociology, thus decimating the department and leaving the discipline with only a joint honours degree with Criminology,
Books published in this period include V. Argyrou, The Gift of European Thought and the Cost of Living (2013); M. Drake, Political Sociology for a Globalizing World (2010); K. Tester, Panic (2013), Animals and Society: The Humanity of Animal Rights (2nd ed., 2014, (edited) The Flaneur (2nd edition, 2014), ), Civil Society (2nd edition, 2015), Utopia: Social theory and the future (ed. with M. H. Jacobsen, 2016); M. Yar, Handbook of Internet Crime (ed. with Yvonne Jewkes, 2010), Cybercrime and Society (2013), The Cultural Imaginary of the Internet: Virtual utopias and dystopias (2014), Crime, Deviance and Doping: Fallen sport stars, autobiography and the management of stigma (2014), Crime and the Imaginary of Disaster: Post-apocalyptic fictions and the crisis of social order (2015), The Politics of Misrecognition (ed. with Simon Thompson, 2011/2016),
Undergraduates from the department since 1966 who went on to academic careers include Kate Bacon, Tony Barnett, Michaela Benson, Josephine Beoku-Betts, Carol Davis, Robert Eccleshall, Tony Elger, Tricia Emptage, Annette Fitzsimons, Noel Hibbert, Julia Holdsworth, Victor (Terry) King, Philip Marfleet, Terry Marsden, Michael McCahill, Sally McNamee, Caroline Oliver, Susan Rodmell, Karen Sharpe, Alan Tuckman and John Tyson.
